History of Translation

Name: jumani pooja k.

Roll no: 08

Sem.: 3

Part: 2

Topic: history of translation

Paper no: 05 translation studies

Year: 2012-13

Submitted to

Dr. Dilip Barad,

Dept. of English,

Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar

History of translation

In translation studies history is very reach and translation is an essential part of the literary and cultural history of country. To trace its beginning or to periodize its development in any absolute sense would be a task. However exponents in the fielded like stained do make an arbitrary periodization of the history of translation. This periodization consists of four phases. The first extending from the time of ciaro and Horso to the time of Alexander Fraser Tytler from 46 BC to 1792.

Literature is more influence of translation study. And England literature French American and other literature it translation in other language. Some writers to convince in other language

In first language and literature not could translated but after some time it became necessary because literature became successful and the other countries wonted to read but they didn’t understand other language and after that idea were came and start to translation in language and it also became part of studies and it have to learn in translation

Translation according to Eric Jacobson is a Roman inversion. The roman unlike the Greeks, were unable to creadimaginative literature in their own capacity. The Romans were more practical minded and lacked imagination and originality.thefore to enrich their language the Roman sought to translation Greek classical for this purpose they formulated contain primitive and realistic views on translation. Their proactive of translation. it their intention was a Erich their language their stresses mainly on the aesthetic aspect of the TLT and less on the fidelity so SLT o fried rich clearly explain this point of view so translation in the European context in his essay on the art of translation as follows.

In Europe literary translation has been know since the age of Romans, translation shows how the literature and philosophy of the Roman and genial strength from Greek models.

English translation:

In British and American language and literature more famous and it very quay translation in another language. When literature translated other language at same times peoples got knowledge to knowing another culture and language also.

Even Longinus while speaking on sublimity in literature stated that “imitation and emulation of the great historians and poets of the past is on of the paths toward the sublime and translation is one aspect of imitation in the Roman concept of literary production”. Like Horace and Longinus too believed in a judicious interpretation of the SLT. The entire tree Roman lay stresses on a sense for translation. According to them the translation’s responsibility is to the TL reader. By their preempt a good translation should pre-suppose a bilingual reader conversant with both SL and TL and could read the translation through the sours language text and assess the creative ability of the translator in making the SLT as his model.

Translation means a stylistic exercise to Quintilian. His institution arterial explains the role and importance of translation in the study of oratory to analysis the structure of the SLT and to experiment with its style. While paraphrasing a text. The translation maintains closeness to the style of the writer and experiment with various forms of artistic details.

Renaissance in Europe owes a great deal to translation. It was translations that ensure the “wisdom and profile of the part” to the present and future and in this task Rome played a vital roll. As J. A Symonds says it in his Renaissance in ltaly. Roma was “a Factor like patio, Ovid sense and Homer were translated and their translation affected the intellectual and emotional life of Europe to a great extent. There were many important Factored white had to the Flourishing of translation during the period. It was a period in the history of Europe which recorded many voyages of discovery around the world across the seas. There voyages and the discoveries of new lands opened up new vistas in literature. The people who had a theist for knowledge resorted to translations of the literature of the new found lands. a deed to this was the invention of the printing preset. The volume of translation increased significantly and quenched the increasing thirst for knowledge.

 Renaissance England translation

Renaissance planted its foot in England through translation. Speaking about the significance of translation in Elizabethan England. F.o. Mathiessen writes that a study of Elizabethan translation is a study of the mean by which the Renaissance came to England of the early Elizabethan translations Wyatt and swivel are considered important for their notable contribution. Their translation is mainly adaptation. Their faithfulness is not to worlds or sentence structure in the SLT but to the sense and tone of the SLT in relationship to its reader.

The Victorian translations  

The Victorian translations and the pre-Raphadites were pedantic and armchair, their focus was on conveying the remoteness in time and place in the SLT. Fortis parpose they used a special “mock antique” languages. J.M. cohen in English translation and translations takes a critical view of the stand of the Victorian. And state that their theory was founded on a fundamental error” theory was according to Cohen such pedantic and archaic translation could only lead to its steady define in states.

Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle was a great admirer of German, he made translation of German classic and in this attempt the used elaborate structures in English similar to the ones found in Graman praising the profusion of German. Translation. He stets “in spirit which deserves to be able to participate in whatever worth or beady another nation had produced.

Conclusion   

Well we read and find whole things and it though that it discussion with my response to a couple of question often postal about translation. In translation most depended glossary explanation ascetics under ending or foot notes when we translated at that time we face more problems and meaning are also lost.

Essay on Dramatic poesy

Name: jumani pooja k.

Roll no: 08

Sem.: 3

Part: 2

Topic: Essay on Dramatic poesy

Paper no: Literary Criticism

Year: 2012-13

Submitted to

Dr. Dilip Barad,

                                      Dept. of English,

Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar

An essay of Dramatic poesy (John Dryden)

An essay of dramatic poesy written by john Dryden and he was master of in his works at also best dramatic writer in that time.

    John Dryden (1631-1700), English poet, dramatist, and critic, was the leading literary figure of the restoration age.

In 1668, he wrote his most important prose work, of dramatic Poesy, an Essay, the basis for his reputation as the father of English literary criticism.

The climate of criticism changed with the arrival on the literary scene of such giants as Miguel de Cervantes, lope de Vega, and Pedro Calderon in Spain, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and john Milton in England, and Pierre Corneille, Jean Baptieste Racine, and Moliere in France. 

Most of these writers specialized or excelled in drama, and consequently the so-called battle of the ancients and moderns-the critical comparison of Greek and Roman authors with more recent ones-was fought chiefly in that arena.

In his Essay of dramatic Poesy (1668), English poet and playwright John Dryden presented the conflicting claims of the two sides as a debate among four friends, only one of whom favors the ancient over the modern theater. One modernist Prefers the dignified “decorum” of French drama to the confusing “tumult” of actions and emotions on the English stage, By contrast, Dryden’ s spokesman prefers the lifelike drama of English theater to French tragedy, which he considers beautiful but lifeless.

All agree, however, that “ a play ought to be a just and lively image of human nature, representing its passions and humors, and the changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind.”

In his address, “To the Readers”, prefixed to ‘the Essay’,  Dryden says that his aim we”….. to vindicate the honor of our English writers from the censure of those who unjustly prefer the French before them.”

The Essay is also an attempt to evolve the Principles which ought to guide us in judging a play, as well as an effort to discover the rules which could help a dramatist in writing a good play.

The Essay is also a contribution to two current controversies:

1)         Regarding comparative superiority of ancient and the moderns

2)   The comparative merits and demerits of blank verse and rhyme for dramatic purpose.

Samuel sorbiere’s (French) unfavorable remark about English life, stage and science.

Five issues are under discussion in this essay:

Ancients vs. moderns

Unities

French vs. English Drama Separation of tragedy and comedy vs. tragicomedy

Appropriateness of Rhyme in Drama

Dryden is a neoclassic critic, and at he also deals in his criticism with some issues of the form and morality in drama. However, he is not a rule bound critic, tied down to the classical unities or to notions of what constitutes a “proper” character for the stage. He relies heavily on a pragmatic tradition.

Dryden wrote the essay and dramatic dialogue with the four characters representing four critical positions. These four critical position deals with five issues.

In his essay he primarily focusing on the drama, the poetry of plays, at also used “platonic” method, he was creates a dialogue between poet/critics of the day who have different viewpoint about the strengths and weaknesses of, and influences on, British poesy. And put the argument and at also talk about variety of position into consideration. And create new “rules” for drama and comedy, or verse.

At the end of the essay, a discussion of the proper use of rhyme and verse ensues, mostly between cries who wants to eliminate the use of rhyme, which he sees as sounding artificial, and Neander, who says if you want to eliminate rhyme on that basic, why not verse on the same grounds. He also suggests that comedy should not be rhymed but that the heroic tragedy should be.

Comment upon Dryden’s comparative criticism of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher in ‘An Essay of Dramatic Poesy’.

John Fletcher (1579-1625)

He was English poet and playwright. He well known for the tragicomedies Most scholars acknowledge that Fletcher’s real talent lay in comedy, in the genre of tragicomedy. His style of tragicomedy at its best manages to generate considerable power through the sheer variety of the emotions it arouses. His main themes of love and emotions.

Shakespeare: in his remarks on Shakespeare, Dryden ceases to be a classicist and goes over to the other camp of the romantics. He writes “To begining then with Shakespeare, he was the man who of all Moderns, and perhaps Ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul his all image of nature were still present to him

He further adds that: …however others are now generally prefer before him, yet the Age wherein e lived  which had contemporaries with him, Fletcher and Jonson never equal’s them to him in their esteem.

These remarks are illuminating and suggestive. They show that Dryden was quite conscious of both the weakness and real greatness of Shakespeare.

Ben Jonson: he said that I think the most learned and judicious writer which any Theater ever had. But something of Art was wanting to the Drama till he came. He managed his strength to more advantage then any who preceded him.

Significance of Dryden’s view:

Dryden’s evolution of Shakespeare, Jonson,Beaunont and Fletcher, is of significance for number of reasons.

1)    First, the ‘Essay’ completes historical perspective which Dryden presents in the essay. He talk about the Ancients, the French, and the Moderns.

2)    His ‘Essay’ is a valuable contribution to the controversies of the day:

·       The Ancients Vs the Modern

·       The French Vs the English Drama

·       The Blank verse Vs rhyme and

·       The Elizabethan Vs the Restoration drama.

3)    This Essay reveals Dryden’s comparative method of criticism at its best.

               

Characteristic of the Elizabethan Age

Name: jumani pooja k.

Roll no: 08

Sem.: 3

Part: 2

Topic: Characteristic of the Elizabethan Age

Paper no: Renaissance Literature

Year: 2012-13

Submitted to

Dr. Dilip Barad,

Dept. of English,

Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar

Characteristic of the Elizabethan Age

The Historical Background (1550-1630)

Elizabethan Background were very reach because the dominating feature of the period can summarized under two heads

The age of Elizabethan staining to a state of stability Dynastic problems was there. And society was very difference the croons finally set at rest the ancient quarrel between Scotland and England that time for god of English literature and writer become popular that time.

Elizabethan age we can say that time was classical period and at also modern period.

Elizabethan era

The English playwrights were intrigued by Italian model it is also true that the Elizabethan era was a very violent age and that the high incidence of political assassination in renaissance Italy embodies by Nicola Machination the prince did little to calm fears of popish plots that time a result representing that kind of violence on the stage was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectra.

The most characteristic feather of age was very comparative religious tolerance which religious was due largely to the queen’s influence. The fright- toleration full excesses of the reliouse war know as the thirty year’s was on the continent found not parallel in England. After Elizabethan was assassin found the whole kingdom divided against itself. This period was very pubertal time because that time Royal value were more respectable to other Elizabethan period had golden age. And at and also people wackier for their new idea and knowing about human valeu.And literature also became successful that time.

Other side at also the North was largely catholic, while the southern counties were as strongly protestant. Scotland had followed Scotland had followed the Reformation in its own intense way. And while island remained due to its old rigorous tradition and both conjoin were openly rebellious. The court, made up of both parties, witnessed the rival intrigues of those who sought to gain the royal favor it was due party to the intense absorption of mantis minds in religious question that preceding century, though an adage of advents learning produced scarcely any literature worthy of the name. but Elizabethan favored two both religious parties and she presently the world saw with amazement Catholics and protestants acting together as trusted counselors of great sovereign the defeat of Spanish Armada establish the Reformation as s fact in England. Africa new England about new through. We can say that Reformation not only changes England but other at same time united all Englishmen in a magnificent national enthusiasm. For the first time since the Reformation began the fundamental question of mind of men freed from religious fears and persecution turned with a great creative impulse to other forms of activity. It is partly from this new freedom of the mind that age of Elizabethan received its great literary stimulus.

It is an age of dreams, of adventure of unbounded enthusiasm springing from the new lands of fabulous riches revealed by English explorers. Drake said around the world, shaping the mighty course which English colonizes shall follow through the century and presently the young philosopher. Bacon is saying confidently “I have taken all knowledge for my province.” The mind must search father than the eye, with the new rich lands opened to the sight, the imagination must creed new storms to people the new world.

The Neo- Dramatic poets of the Elizabethan age

Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)

“I have piped east so long with pain that all mind oaten read been rent and worn and my poor muse hath spent her spiral store yet little good hath got, and mouth less gain.” Such pleasance makes the grasshopper so poor and liege so loyal when winter do her strain.

Elizabethan age most famous because of their literature and writers became popular they written classical, modernize. Tragedies most influence of peoples novel, epic, poetry, prose, drama etc. most part of this age. And some writer like William shake spear, Marlowe Jonson, Bacon Burton etc more popular writers successful in their life. And at the entire great writer Shakespeare called other Elizabethan writers also.

Paradise lost

In this book writer John Milton described that god and Satan the all 9 books about religious and Christianity or bible. In this book paradise lost when I read at that time I found that not only Elizabethan time were under power and queen had all power in her hand but in this book paradise lost also good example of superior and inferior and god had did everything.

Literature of Elizabethan’s age

The religious period

In Europe, as in the drama had a distend religious origin. The first characters were drawn from the new Testament and the object of the first plays was to make the church service more impressive or to emphasize moral lesson by showing the reward of good and punishment of the evil.

Literary criticism

The birth of literary criticism indicates the growing stature of the national literature and the realization of the need to establish principal of writing.

The period is generally regarded as the greatest in the history of our literature hectically, we note in this age the trammeling limpets received from the Renaissance, from the Reformation and the exploration of the new world. it was marked by a strong national spirit by patriotism by religious tolerance by social content by intettectal progress and by unbounded enthusiasm.

Well, it is Elizabethan age were very development period at also very reach powerful and classical period and after arise new period whole period had difference for others.

General Characteristics of Neo-classic Age

Name: jumani pooja k.

Roll no: 08

Sem.: 3

Part: 2

Topic: general characteristics of Neo-classic the Age

Paper no: 02 Neo- classical Literature

Year: 2012-13

Submitted to

Dr. Dilip Barad,

Dept. of English,

Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar

General characteristics of Neo- classic the age

Meaning of neoclassicism:

Neo- classicism means a return to classic ideas of clearness, elegance symmetry and repose produced by attention to traditional form. It was sometimes synonymous with excellence or artistic quality of high distinction. Also, the term reform to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, painting and architecture.

Neo-classiassim depends on most fundamentally is consensus about body of work that has achieved canonic states these all are classicisms ideally and neoclassicism is essentially and art of and ideal and artist. Even we can not say that neoclassicism menaces all thing but new things were return new ideas of writers and their works.

In here “neoclassicism” in each art or literature implies a particular canon of “classic” models.

In neo-classic period were new world came and writers were though difference way.

According to the neo-classicists, all forms of the literature were to be model after the classical works of the ancients Greek &Roman writers (Homer, argils,& so on) & those of the contemporary French ones. They were through that artistic should be order, logic. Restrained emotion & accuracy, that literature should be judge in the terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity; harmony &grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight instruct & correct human being, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.

Neo-classical Assumption and their Implications

In here neoclassical thinkers could use the part as a guide for the present because they assumable that human nature was constant essentially the same regardless of time and place they believe, should express their essential nature, they were representations of general nature. Some writer’s individual character was valuable for what he or she revealed of universal human nature

Selected writers and their works

Jonathan swift

Jonathan swift one of the best writer of the neo-classical age. An Excerpt from chapter 3 part 1 of Gulliver’s travels Gulliver’s travels Jonathan swift best fictional works, contain four part each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has exeparticular

Adventures on some remote are land after he has met with ship week or piracy. Gulliver’s travels are also an artistic mast earpiece he fined that author of master of prose. Jonathan swift on of best a other of neo-classical age and he wrote so many good novels.

Alexander pope:

People is one of the for most satirist in world literature as well as a great poet. He wrote witty and polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day. Pope mock heroic poem the Rape of the lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse.

His major works

The Rape of the lock

His major work the poem is based on an actual incident in which young noblemen stole a lock of lady’s hair and other works are “An Essay on criticism the Dunciad.

John Bunyan:

John Bunyan is English writer &preacher born in Elson England, probably nov-28-1628, and died in London. England, aug 31 1688.

His major works. He wrote many major works the pilgrim’s progress (1678) is the outstanding 17^th century English reliouse literature.

Novels

In neoclassical period more effusive in literature works and at also novels. In this age’s novels written on satirical political when we refer the novels that time peoples got idea of colonies because English writer showed there image of colonies and they wonted put picture of power of the century of England. For example: “Gulliver travel” novel satirical novel and main power had European century. During neoclassical age most novels or novelist wonted put image of colonies and post colonies and can say that neoclassical period’s writer an audience even English peoples believed that their powerful word.

Some of the similarities between tragedy & comedy

Comedy and tragedy are founded on the some literary principles comedy tragedy masks on side of old church building image by Steve.

18^th century more mid-18^th century was turbulent time in world history. Women’s dress no exception and presented silhouettes in variety of thing.

Even Neo-classicism period is revival of the styles and spirit of classic antiquity inspired directed from the classical period deal with the faith, honor, and good evil and in each case, justice must be served. In neo-classical writer truth and near to reality because they had believed that audience and readers views changed and they able to accepted to reality. Even in world both through (menace) good and evil all there in universal. Domestic Tragedy  As people moved away from and leave out anything that is otherworldly or supernatural.

Social themes

In neoclassical writers saw themsetives as well as there readier and characters. That time peoples thought had limitation of human nature. They probably were but the individual who rubella against custom or as serial his superiority to hum kind we like Alcester in The Misanthrope presorted as presumptuous and absurd. Neo-classical artists expiated people to conform to established social norms that tome each and every people have individual opinion was for less liked to true than was the consensus of society developed over time and embodied in custom and tradition.

The Age of Reason

The classical ideas of modern which inspire this period conman people though had not conman but there idea was changed. Ad also got new knowledge of imagination. it is often know as the age of Reason had traditionally been assumed to be the highest mental faculty, but in this period many thinkers consider it a sufficient guide in all areas. Both religious believed and morality was ground on reason.

Social Background of novel Kanthapura

Name: jumani pooja k.

Roll no: 08

Sem.: 3

Part: 2

Topic: social Background of novel kanthapura

Paper no: 04 Indian writing in English

Year: 2012-13

Submitted to

Dr. Dilip Barad,

Dept. of English,

Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar

·     Social Background of novel Kanthpura   

Kanthpura written by Raja Rao. It is book of Indian and typical Indian book in kanthapura stories very nice expertise the whole event.

In the early collection of stories and in his (Raja Rao ) first novel  kanthapura written (1938) Raja Rao’ s concerns have been of a social and political nature.

Raja Rao s cultural reasserlwns cannot be barreled. Classified or compared with that of any other writer. He stanels apart as one who had a strong grounding in Sanskrit which opened the divas to the infinite spiritual horde of the Vedas and Upanishads.

      In   Kanthapura novel Raja Rao expertise , society of Indian what they believe culture and reliouse political etc. kanthapura novel show the society their rules and woman victim of society because in Indian society rules are very difficult and hardy followed

 Writer wanted to show the mirror of Indian society background.

Bhatt’s other social considerations hardly go farther. As for them the less said the better. Bhatia was the only one who would have nothing to do with those ganglia bhagans he wouldn’t have the city troubles in kanthapura. No anodynes besides his business construal he onward to government patron age. He was also the elation agents and gat two thousand for it. But Bata was no unredeemable monster. Clever fellow this bhatta the remark made earlier in the novel has its overtones of indignation on the part of the authors. And a kind of indignation cantinas in our attitude towels him.

And here writer put the image of Kanthpura who we real whole novel the same time we realized before society belong all sprit.

Kanthpura name of village it was very old and their peoples uneducated and blindly believe anything villager a siring bajan all songs and reliouse idea if image very typical Indian village. Kanthpura very old idea of Raja Rao

General Indian believed poor idea and reach reliouse the society rules were more hardly to followed people. And Kanthapura is good expressed idea of social value Indian cultural event political even etc.

The novel has a dormant pattern to the treatment of caster and communities of any Kanthapura a village representative of any other village in south India.

In the beginning of the novel we endanger the whole village stratified and hierarchies on the basis of caste creed and religion.

·       Earlier in India Brahmin are major of role of in society and they were more reliouse and idealized in society all other communist’s people believed in brahim cast. And castisecim also main part of the society.

When novel organizes an open meeting to garner support to get moorthy out of jail sends old man in turban belonging to upper caste flares up against all Gandhian stuff of caste mixing.

The whole image also expressed the idea of society in Kanthapura novel because that time of cast mixing and other things.

In Kanthapura novel based on social even and try to repressed to truth by Raja Rao he warded to explain there idolize and uneducated people and also political even are main them of novel Kanthapura. And background based was very mixed.

·       Woman condition in society (Kanthapura)

The anther point is the oppression of women by men. As it is discussed earlier that Indian is a land of great tradition and culture women is portrayed as an embodiment of sacrifice and they are thought the virtues to be develop to become an ideal Indian woman. The tradition patriarchal framework experts a lot from a woman. During the time of general construction. The girl child aqueous pre –knowledge of her rights and responsibilities and role and relations to be observable at both the natal as well as in law’s home and gets that in such a way that the girls.

It also another lager of oppression the oppression of widow in the society their oppression was more in Brahmin community the women who lost her husband had to shave her head and wear only white sari.

They would not be allowed to participate in any good events and they could not come before anybody who was leaving his house for work or for any good events. If he happened to see a widow while leaving his house, it was consider ill women.

Women condition very difficult and men central character in society.

The fiction character Ran gamma in this novel resembles the character of Rama in reality, Rama was the founder of Aria Mahila was Sabah. As early in 1882 she fought against male domination in the society and she founded saradha sadhan (a place to learn) in Mahila Sabah she organized a lost of meeting for women and through her revolutionary talk she made them realize the they should be independent and come out of the walls built around them and come out of the walls built around them and especially she demanded freedom for widows to decide their life and remarriage. It was unacceptable and she was critiqued badly for her speeches. She real all the puranas. Epics Vedas and Literature and found that there was no justice for women in anything.

In Indian society more difference of other countries even now a day also not more changes. But before village are very old thorough. In novel main points are society of Kanthapura politician reliouse colonies etc main theme are the novel Kanthapura.

Well I read book at that time and I find Kanthapura village quite same even today villages and it also saw image of myth and Raja Rao view of colonies and Englishmen.   

  

Postcolonial studies

Name         :                 Jumani pooja k

Roll   no      :                          07                

Sem            :                      2

Part            :                      1

Paper No   :              E-C- 205: Cultural studies  

Topic          :            postcolonial studies

Year           :                2011-12                   

                                                      

                                                                       Submitted by

                                                                       Dr Dilip barad

                                                                       Department of English

                                                  Bhavnagar University

Postcolonial    studies

Introduction to postcolonial studies:

The field of postcolonial studies has been going prominence since the 1970s. some world date its rise in the western academy from the publication of Edward sad’s influential critique of western constructivism. The growing currency within the academy of the term “postcolonial”(some times hyphenated)was consolidated by the appearance in 1989 of the Empire writes Back; theory and practs in postcolonial Literatures by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, an   Helen Tiffin. Since then the use of cognate terms “commonwealth” and third world” that were used to describe the Literature of Europe’s former colonies has become rarer.

Postcolonilism refers to a historical phase undergone by third world worries after decline of colonialism: for example, when countries in Asia, separated from the European empires and they left to rebuild themselves. Sometime other many third world writers focus on cloth colonialism and changes create in postcolonial culture.

Among the many challenges facing postcolonial writers are the attempts both to resurrect their culture and to combat the preconceptions about their culture.

Postcolonial is very general since, it is study of the interaction between European nations and the societies they are colonized in the modern period. They are deli eve of the 85%of the rest of the global by the time of the First World War, having consolidated its control over several centuries.

The list former colonies of European power are a long one. They are livider into settle and non settle countries (Indian, Jamaica, Nigeria, Senegal, sir Lanka). Countries such as South Africa and Zimbabwe which were partially settle by colonial populations complicate even this sampled division between settle and non settle.

Post-colonial adds of relating to or being the time following the establishment of independence or a colony: postcolonial economics.

The formation of the colony through various mechanisms of control and the various stages in the development of anti colonial nationalism interest many scholars in the field.

Major issues:

Despite the reservations and debates, research in postcolonial studies is growing because postcolonial critique allows for a wide- ranging investigation into power relation in various contexts. The formation of empire, the impact of colonization on postcolonial history, economy, science, and culture. The cultural productions of colonized societies, feminism and Postcolonilism agency for-marginalized people, and the state of the post colony in contemporary economic and cultural contexts are some broad topic in the field.

The following questions suggest some of the major issues in the field

How did the experience of colonization affect those who were colonize while also influencing the colonizers?

How were colonial powers able to gain control over so large a portion of the non- western world?

What traces have been left by colonial education, science and technology in postcolonial societies?

Which writers should be included in the postcolonial canon?

Has the preponderance of the postcolonial novel led to a neglect of the other genres?

Major Figures  

Some of best know names in postcolonial literature and theory are those of Chinua Achebe, Homi Bhabha, buchi Emechete, Frontz Fanon, Jamalca Kincaid, salman Rushdies. A more compreche nsive although by no means exhaustive list follows.

Post- colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions which underlie the “logic” of colonialism are still active forces today.

Above all major figures but Among the most important figures in postcolonial feminism is Gayatri Chakravorty spivak, who examines the effects of political independence upon “subaltern’s subproletarian woman studies by the dialogue between the male- dominated west and the male- dominated East, offering little hope for the subaltern woman’s voice to rise up amidst the global social institutions that oppress her.

Postcolonilism

(postcolonial theory, postcolonial studies, post-colonial theory) is a specifically postmodern intellectual discourse that consists of reactions to and analysis of, the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism Postcolonilism is dentinal in anthropology as the relations between European nations and areas they colonized and once ruled Postcolonilism comprises a set of theories founded amongst story, anthology, philosophy, linguistics, film, political science, architecture, human geography, soclogy, Marxist theory, feminidm, religious and theological studies, and literature.

Subject matters

“The find hour of colonialism has struck and millions of inhabitants of Africa, Asia and Latin America rise to mead a new life and demand their unrestricted right to self- determination.”

The critical nature of postcolonial theory entails destabilizing western ways of thinking, therefore creating space for the subaltern or marginalized groups, to speak and produce alternatives to dominant discourse. Often, the Postcolonilism is taken literary, to mean the period of time after colonialism. This however is problematic because the once-colonized world is full of”contfusions, of hybridist, and liminalities.” In other world, it is important to accept the pleural nature of the world post colonialism as it does not simply refer to the period after the colonial era.

Criticism  of focusing on national identity:  

Scholars criticize and question the recent postcolonial focus on national identity. The Moroccan scholar Bin Abd al- Ali arwes. That what is seen in contemporary Middle Eastern  studies is a pathological obsession with identity Nevertheless kumaraswamy and sadiki argue that the  problem of the lack of Middle Eastern identity formative is widespread, and that identity is an important aspect of understanding the politics of the contemporary Middle East whether the countries are Islamic regimes, republican regimes, quasi- liberal monarchies democracies, or evolving democracies ‘the Middle Eastern region suffers from the inability to recognize, integrate and reflect its ethno- cultural diversity.

Postcolonial literature 

Postcolonial literature is a body of literary writing that readers to the discourse of colonization.

Founding works on post colonialism

Edward said:      Orientalism (1978)

Aime  cesaire:    Discourse on colonialism (1950)

Frantz Fanon:     Black skin, white marks (1952)

Frantz fanon:      The wretched of the Earth (1961)

Albert Memmi:   The colonizer and the colonized (1965)

In Postcolonilism and related fields, subaltern refersa to persons social politically, and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure.

The theme of Middlemarch

Name          :                 Jumani pooja k

Roll   no     :                          07                

Sem            :                       2

Part             :                      1

Paper No:               204: The Victorian Literature

Topic          :              The Theme of Middlemarch

Year           :                2011-12                   

                                                      

                                                                       Submitted by

                                                                       Dr Dilip barad

                                                                       Department of English

                                                                      Bhavnagar University

                                                                       

The theme of Middlemarch

Meaning of Middlemarch:

“Middlemarch” has a double meaning. One is Nelmezzo del cammindi nostra Vita, the other is to do with the central English provincial counties in which is taken place a “march’s “marchland “in English is border between counties. The novel is an image of a society, political, agricultural,oristoaratic, plebeian, religious, scientific. Its ambitions are those of Bazac’s human much. It is a microcosm, local but also universal, containing bodies and minds, individuals, families and comedy, Rome and Europe in middle Earth.

Eliot was writing a story called “Miss Brooke”, and she began work on a story of a scientifically ambitious young doctor in a provincial town, and suddenly saw that these two were parts of the some whole. Dorothea Brooke and terries Lydgate could be called the hero and heroine f the work, though they do not meet until the end of the first part of the book and one of the powers of Eliot’s writing is that a large number of her other characters, for a time,or briefly, are the heroes of their stories and the centers of their worlds.

Theme

The Imperfection of Marriage

Most characters in Middlemarch many for have rather than obligation, yet marriage still appears negative and unromantic. Marriage and the pursuit of it are central concerns in Middlemarch, but unlike in many novel of the time, marriage is not considered the ultimate source of happiness. Two examples here explain of Eliot not here two examples are Dorothea’s marriage fails because of her youth and of her disillusions about marrying a much older man and other side Lydgate’s marriage fails because of irreconcilable personalities. Both are Lydgate and Dorothea they were not happy their marriages both nature are different and Lydgate didn’t understand her feelings. We can say that Dorothea was typical Indian women.

Other side Mr. and Mrs. Bulstrode also face a marital crisis due to his inability to tell her about the past and Fred Vincy and Mary Garth also face a great deal of hardship in making their union. As none of the marriages reach a perfect fairytale ending, Middlemarch offers a clear critique of the usual portrayal of marriage as romantic and unproblematic.

The Harshness of social Expectation. The ways in which people conduct themselves and how the community judges them are closely linked in Middlemarch when the expectations of the social community are not met; individuals often receive harsh public criticism. For example the community judges Lydislaw harshly because of his mixed pedigree Fred Vincy is almost disowned because he chooses to go against his family’s wishes and not join the clergy. It is only when Vincy goes against the wishes of the community by foregoing his education that he finds true love and happiness. Finally, Rosamond’s need for gentility and the desert to live up to social standards becomes her downfall. In contrast, Dorothea’s decision to act against the rules of society aloes her to energy as the most respectable character in the end.

Self- Determination Vs. Chance

In Middlemarch, self determination and chance are not opposing forest but, rather, a complicated balancing act when characters strictly adhere to a belief in either chance or self-determination, bad things happen- when resmond goes against the wishes of her husband and wrutes a letter asking for money from his relative, her act of self- determination puts Lydgate in an unsavory and tense situation coupled with a refuel to help. On the flip side, when Fred Vincy gambles away his money, ruling soling on chance, he falls into debt and drag with him the people who trust him only when he steps away from gambling and decides not to go into the clergy do particular. The character of fare brother demonstrates the balance between fate and self-determination. This balance is exemplified in his educated gamble in the same of whist. Through a combination of skill and chance, he is able to win more often than not. His character strikes a balance between chance and his role in determining that fate. The complexity of the tension between self-determination and chance is exemplary of the way in which the novel as a whole tends to look at events from many vantage- points with no clear right or wrong, no clear enemy or hero.

Education

The novel examines the role of education in the lives of the characters and it also how does education affected the characters. Rosamond Vincy’s finished school education is a foil to Dorothea Brooke’s thirst for purposeful education which was generally denied women of the era. Here Rosamond initially admires Lydgate for his exotic education and his installed. A similar dynamic is present in Dorothea and Casaubon’s relationship, with Dorothea revering her new husband’s intellect and eloquence.

Despite extreme erudition, Mr. Casaubon is afraid to publish because he believes that he must write a work that is utterly above criticism.

Self- delusion

Most of the central characters of novel have habit of building castles in the air and then attempting to the live them. Because they are idealistic, self- absorbed, otherwise we can say that out of the touch with reality. They make serious mistakes the novel are very away from a real reality. It the novel most characters make mistakes because their life pataner are not soote them. For these mistake their life was become unhappy. In the novel some characters learn from this process and other do not those who learn not to build castles in the air generallt end up happy, while those who persist in ignoring pragmatism are miserable.

Compassion and Forgiveness   

Compassion Forgiveness, sympathy these are big ideas in Middlemarch part of Dorothea’s problem is that she feed too much. Both “compassion” and “sympathy,” if you look at the root works. We feel that sympathy with Dorothea.

Women and Femininity

For a female novelist, George Eliot sure didn’t think too high of female writers. She even wrote an essay called “silly novels by Lady novelists,” and chose write.

Science

Science and scientific progress was a big deal in the 19^th century….just look at all the new discoveries and inventions of the period.